DLR-F6翼身組合體流場計算報告

                                       本案例來自陸面體科技公眾號:

圖片5.png

1.DLR-F6翼身組合體

DLR-F6翼身組合體是DLR開發的一款現代運輸機典型巡航構型。該模型是第二屆和第三屆AIAA阻力預測研討會所采用的標準算例之一。DLR-F6外形由機身、機翼和發動機短艙構成。該飛機的設計馬赫數為0.75,升力系數0.50。針對帶短艙和不帶短艙的兩種構型,研究人員分別開展了風洞試驗,獲得了包括升阻力特性曲線、表面壓力分布和油流圖譜等試驗結果。本文以DLR-F6構型為測試算例,檢驗SU2對于復雜外形流場的模擬能力。

640.webp (3).jpg

                              

圖1 DLR-F6翼身組合體(帶短艙)風洞試驗模型

表1DLR-F6翼身組合體外形部分參數

參數名稱

數值

展長

1.1713 m

平均氣動弦長

0.1412 m

參考面積

0.1453 m2

展弦比

9.5

 

2.網格生成

2.1 計算網格

本次計算所采用的網格是第二屆AIAA阻力預測研討會提供的的多塊對接結構網格(ftp://cmb24.larc.nasa.gov/outgoing)。稀網格的單元數約為337萬,密網格的單元數約為572萬。

2.2 SU2網格生成

官方提供的網格為ICEM CFD源文件,需要將其轉換為SU2求解器能夠讀取的網格存儲格式。我們采用Pointwise V18.1 R1軟件進行格式轉換。具體步驟如下:

(1)打開ICEM CFD源文件,輸出plot3d格式文件。

(2)打開Pointwise V18.1 R1軟件,導入plot3d格式網格;

(3)刪除機翼、機身內部固體域的網格塊;

(4)運行Plot3dMerge.glf腳本,建立塊之間的對接關系;

(5)將求解器設置為SU2,并設置邊界條件;

(6)對網格進行旋轉、縮放等操作。

(7)導出su2格式文件。

3.SU2求解器設置

3.1 流場求解cfg文件設置

下面以馬赫數為0.75、攻角為0.49°、湍流模型為SA的計算工況為例,介紹DLR-F6算例的參數設置。

(1)問題定義

% ------------- DIRECT, ADJOINT, AND LINEARIZED PROBLEM DEFINITION ------------%

%

% Physical governing equations (EULER, NAVIER_STOKES,

%                                WAVE_EQUATION, HEAT_EQUATION, FEM_ELASTICITY,

%                                POISSON_EQUATION)

PHYSICAL_PROBLEM= NAVIER_STOKES          %不考慮粘性選EULER,考慮粘性選NAVIER_STOKES

%

% Specify turbulence model (NONE, SA, SA_NEG, SST)

KIND_TURB_MODEL= SA    %一般選一方程模型SA或兩方程模型SST

%

% Mathematical problem (DIRECT, CONTINUOUS_ADJOINT)

MATH_PROBLEM= DIRECT    %不做優化選DIRECT

%

% Restart solution (NO, YES)

RESTART_SOL= NO  %重啟動計算選YES,同時需要在后面設置重啟動文件% Restart flow  input file   SOLUTION_FLOW_FILENAME

% Regime type (COMPRESSIBLE, INCOMPRESSIBLE)

REGIME_TYPE= COMPRESSIBLE     %馬赫數為0.75,對應高速可壓縮流場

%

% System of measurements (SI, US)

% International system of units (SI): ( meters, kilograms, Kelvins,

%                                        Newtons = kg m/s^2, Pascals = N/m^2,

%                                        Density = kg/m^3, Speed = m/s,

%                                        Equiv. Area = m^2 )

% United States customary units (US): ( inches, slug, Rankines, lbf =  slug ft/s^2,

%                                        psf = lbf/ft^2, Density = slug/ft^3,

%                                        Speed = ft/s, Equiv. Area = ft^2 )

SYSTEM_MEASUREMENTS= SI    %采用標準單位

(2)自由來流參數設置

% -------------------- COMPRESSIBLE FREE-STREAM DEFINITION  --------------------%

%

% Mach number (non-dimensional, based on the free-stream values)

MACH_NUMBER= 0.75   %自由來流馬赫數

%

% Angle of attack (degrees, only for compressible flows)

AOA= 0.49   %來流攻角,注意SU2定義X+為流向(機頭指向機尾方向),Y+為側向(翼展方向),Z+為法向(垂直于翼面的方向)。

 %

% Side-slip angle (degrees, only for compressible flows)

SIDESLIP_ANGLE= 0.0  %側滑角,在本次算例中,SIDESLIP_ANGLE值實際為攻角

%

% Init option to choose between Reynolds (default) or thermodynamics  quantities

% for initializing the solution (REYNOLDS, TD_CONDITIONS)

INIT_OPTION= REYNOLDS   %  REYNOLDS,根據雷諾數計算自由來流參數;TD_CONDITIONS,根據溫度和密度參數計算自由來流參數

%

% Free-stream option to choose between density and temperature  (default) for

% initializing the solution (TEMPERATURE_FS, DENSITY_FS)

FREESTREAM_OPTION= TEMPERATURE_FS   %給定自由來流靜溫還是靜密度

%

% Free-stream temperature (288.15 K by default)

FREESTREAM_TEMPERATURE= 300  %自由來流靜溫值

 

%

% Reynolds number (non-dimensional, based on the free-stream values)

REYNOLDS_NUMBER= 3.0E6  %參考長度為REYNOLDS_LENGTH(單位米)的自由來流雷諾數(無量綱)

%

% Reynolds length (1 m by default)

REYNOLDS_LENGTH= 0.1412   %平均氣動弦長,單位:米

(3)氣體常數(一般不作修改)

% ---- IDEAL GAS, POLYTROPIC, VAN DER WAALS AND PENG ROBINSON CONSTANTS  -------%

%

% Different gas model (STANDARD_AIR, IDEAL_GAS, VW_GAS, PR_GAS)

FLUID_MODEL= STANDARD_AIR

%

% Ratio of specific heats (1.4 default and the value is hardcoded

%                          for  the model STANDARD_AIR)

GAMMA_VALUE= 1.4

%

% Specific gas constant (287.058 J/kg*K default and this value is  hardcoded

%                        for the  model STANDARD_AIR)

GAS_CONSTANT= 287.058

(4)粘性常數(一般不作修改)

% --------------------------- VISCOSITY MODEL  ---------------------------------%

%

% Viscosity model (SUTHERLAND, CONSTANT_VISCOSITY).

VISCOSITY_MODEL= SUTHERLAND

%

% Sutherland Viscosity Ref (1.716E-5 default value for AIR SI)

MU_REF= 1.716E-5

%

% Sutherland Temperature Ref (273.15 K default value for AIR SI)

MU_T_REF= 273.15

%

% Sutherland constant (110.4 default value for AIR SI)

SUTHERLAND_CONSTANT= 110.4

(5)熱傳導常數(一般不作修改)

% --------------------------- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MODEL  ----------------------%

%

% Conductivity model (CONSTANT_CONDUCTIVITY, CONSTANT_PRANDTL).

CONDUCTIVITY_MODEL= CONSTANT_PRANDTL

%

% Laminar Prandtl number (0.72 (air), only for CONSTANT_PRANDTL)

PRANDTL_LAM= 0.72

%

% Turbulent Prandtl number (0.9 (air), only for CONSTANT_PRANDTL)

PRANDTL_TURB= 0.90

(6)參考值設置

% ---------------------- REFERENCE VALUE DEFINITION  ---------------------------%

%

% Reference origin for moment computation 力矩參考點

REF_ORIGIN_MOMENT_X = 0.00

REF_ORIGIN_MOMENT_Y = 0.00

REF_ORIGIN_MOMENT_Z = 0.00

%

% Reference length for pitching, rolling, and yawing non-dimensional  moment用于力矩系數計算的參考長度

REF_LENGTH= 1.0

%

% Reference area for force coefficients (0 implies automatic  calculation) 用于升阻力系數計算的參考面積

REF_AREA= 0.0727   %采用半模計算,REF_AREA為全模飛機的一半參考面積

%

% Compressible flow non-dimensionalization (DIMENSIONAL,  FREESTREAM_PRESS_EQ_ONE,

%                              FREESTREAM_VEL_EQ_MACH,  FREESTREAM_VEL_EQ_ONE)

%流場計算結果的無量綱方式

REF_DIMENSIONALIZATION= FREESTREAM_VEL_EQ_ONE

 

(7)邊界條件設置

 

% -------------------- BOUNDARY CONDITION DEFINITION  --------------------------%

%

% Navier-Stokes wall boundary marker(s) (NONE = no marker)

%物面邊界

MARKER_HEATFLUX= (body, 0.0, wing, 0.0 )

%遠場邊界

% Far-field boundary marker(s) (NONE = no marker)

MARKER_FAR= ( inlet, outlet, up, down, right )

%對稱邊界

% Symmetry boundary marker(s) (NONE = no marker)

MARKER_SYM= ( left )

%

% Marker(s) of the surface to be plotted or designed

%標記用于后處理或設計的邊界

MARKER_PLOTTING= (body,  wing )

%

% Marker(s) of the surface where the functional (Cd, Cl, etc.) will be  evaluated

%標記用于升阻力系數監測的邊界

MARKER_MONITORING= (body,  wing  )

(8)數值求解通用參數

% ------------- COMMON PARAMETERS DEFINING THE NUMERICAL METHOD  ---------------%

%

% Numerical method for spatial gradients (GREEN_GAUSS,  WEIGHTED_LEAST_SQUARES)

%梯度計算方法

NUM_METHOD_GRAD= GREEN_GAUSS

%

% Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition of the finest grid

%最密層網格上的CFL數

CFL_NUMBER= 1.0

%

% Adaptive CFL number (NO, YES)

%是否采用自適應CFL

CFL_ADAPT= YES

%

% Parameters of the adaptive CFL number (factor down, factor up, CFL  min value,

%                                        CFL max value )

CFL_ADAPT_PARAM= ( 1.5, 0.5, 1.0, 100.0 )

%

% Number of total iterations

%最大迭代步數

EXT_ITER= 50000

(9)限制器設置

% ----------------------- SLOPE LIMITER DEFINITION  ----------------------------%

%

% Coefficient for the limiter

VENKAT_LIMITER_COEFF= 0.05

%

% Coefficient for the sharp edges limiter

ADJ_SHARP_LIMITER_COEFF= 3.0

%

% Reference coefficient (sensitivity) for detecting sharp edges.

REF_SHARP_EDGES= 3.0

%

% Remove sharp edges from the sensitivity evaluation (NO, YES)

SENS_REMOVE_SHARP= NO

 

(10)迭代參數

% ------------------------ LINEAR SOLVER DEFINITION  ---------------------------%

%

% Linear solver for implicit formulations (BCGSTAB, FGMRES)

LINEAR_SOLVER= FGMRES

%

% Preconditioner of the Krylov linear solver (JACOBI, LINELET, LU_SGS)

LINEAR_SOLVER_PREC= ILU

%

% Linaer solver ILU preconditioner fill-in level (0 by default)

LINEAR_SOLVER_ILU_FILL_IN= 0

%

% Minimum error of the linear solver for implicit formulations

LINEAR_SOLVER_ERROR= 1E-10

%

% Max number of iterations of the linear solver for the implicit  formulation

LINEAR_SOLVER_ITER= 5

(11)多重網格參數

% -------------------------- MULTIGRID PARAMETERS  -----------------------------%

%

% Multi-Grid Levels (0 = no multi-grid)

%采用幾重網格

MGLEVEL= 0

%

% Multi-grid cycle (V_CYCLE, W_CYCLE, FULLMG_CYCLE)

MGCYCLE= V_CYCLE

%

% Multi-grid pre-smoothing level

MG_PRE_SMOOTH= ( 1, 2, 3, 3 )

%

% Multi-grid post-smoothing level

MG_POST_SMOOTH= ( 0, 0, 0, 0 )

%

% Jacobi implicit smoothing of the correction

MG_CORRECTION_SMOOTH= ( 0, 0, 0, 0 )

%

% Damping factor for the residual restriction

MG_DAMP_RESTRICTION= 0.75

%

% Damping factor for the correction prolongation

MG_DAMP_PROLONGATION= 0.75

(12)流場計算數值格式

% -------------------- FLOW NUMERICAL METHOD DEFINITION  -----------------------%

%

% Convective numerical method (JST, LAX-FRIEDRICH, CUSP, ROE, AUSM,  HLLC,

%                               TURKEL_PREC, MSW)

%對流項格式

CONV_NUM_METHOD_FLOW= ROE

%

% Spatial numerical order integration (1ST_ORDER, 2ND_ORDER,  2ND_ORDER_LIMITER)

%重構格式

MUSCL_FLOW= YES

%

% Slope limiter (NONE, VENKATAKRISHNAN, VENKATAKRISHNAN_WANG,

%                 BARTH_JESPERSEN, VAN_ALBADA_EDGE)

%限制器

SLOPE_LIMITER_FLOW= VENKATAKRISHNAN

% Time discretization (RUNGE-KUTTA_EXPLICIT, EULER_IMPLICIT,  EULER_EXPLICIT)

%時間推進格式

TIME_DISCRE_FLOW= EULER_IMPLICIT

%

% Relaxation coefficient

RELAXATION_FACTOR_FLOW= 0.9

(13)湍流計算數值格式

% -------------------- TURBULENT NUMERICAL METHOD DEFINITION  ------------------%

%

% Convective numerical method (SCALAR_UPWIND)

%湍流對流項格式

CONV_NUM_METHOD_TURB= SCALAR_UPWIND

%

% Monotonic Upwind Scheme for Conservation Laws (TVD) in the  turbulence equations.

%           Required for 2nd  order upwind schemes (NO, YES)

%湍流重構格式

MUSCL_TURB= NO

%

% Slope limiter (VENKATAKRISHNAN, MINMOD)

%限制器

SLOPE_LIMITER_TURB= VENKATAKRISHNAN

%

% Time discretization (EULER_IMPLICIT)

%湍流項推進格式

TIME_DISCRE_TURB= EULER_IMPLICIT

%

% Relaxation coefficient

RELAXATION_FACTOR_TURB= 0.9

(14)收斂準則

% --------------------------- CONVERGENCE PARAMETERS  --------------------------%

%

% Convergence criteria (CAUCHY, RESIDUAL)

CONV_CRITERIA= RESIDUAL

%

% Residual reduction (order of magnitude with respect to the initial  value)

RESIDUAL_REDUCTION= 6

%

% Min value of the residual (log10 of the residual)

RESIDUAL_MINVAL= -12

%

% Start convergence criteria at iteration number

STARTCONV_ITER= 10

%

% Number of elements to apply the criteria

CAUCHY_ELEMS= 100

%

% Epsilon to control the series convergence

CAUCHY_EPS= 1E-10

%

% Direct function to apply the convergence criteria (LIFT, DRAG,  NEARFIELD_PRESS)

CAUCHY_FUNC_FLOW= DRAG

%

% Adjoint function to apply the convergence criteria (SENS_GEOMETRY,  SENS_MACH)

CAUCHY_FUNC_ADJFLOW= SENS_GEOMETRY

(15)輸入輸出設置

% ------------------------- INPUT/OUTPUT INFORMATION  --------------------------%

%

% Mesh input file

%網格輸入文件

MESH_FILENAME= wb_coarse.su2

%

% Mesh input file format (SU2, CGNS, NETCDF_ASCII)

%網格格式

MESH_FORMAT= SU2

%

% Mesh output file

%網格輸出文件

MESH_OUT_FILENAME= mesh_out.su2

%

% Restart flow input file

%重啟動輸入文件

SOLUTION_FLOW_FILENAME= restart_flow.dat

%

% Restart adjoint input file

%重啟動伴隨輸入文件

SOLUTION_ADJ_FILENAME= solution_adj.dat

%

% Output file format (PARAVIEW, TECPLOT, STL)

%輸出文件格式

OUTPUT_FORMAT= TECPLOT_BINARY

%

% Output file convergence history (w/o extension)

%輸出的殘差歷史文件

CONV_FILENAME= history

%

% Output file restart flow

%輸出的重啟動文件

RESTART_FLOW_FILENAME= restart_flow.dat

%

% Output file restart adjoint

%輸出的重啟動伴隨文件

RESTART_ADJ_FILENAME= restart_adj.dat

%

% Output file flow (w/o extension) variables

%流場體數據輸出文件名

VOLUME_FLOW_FILENAME= flow

%

% Output file adjoint (w/o extension) variables

VOLUME_ADJ_FILENAME= adjoint

%

% Output objective function gradient (using continuous adjoint)

GRAD_OBJFUNC_FILENAME= of_grad.dat

%

% Output file surface flow coefficient (w/o extension)

%邊界數據輸出文件

SURFACE_FLOW_FILENAME= surface_flow

%

% Output file surface adjoint coefficient (w/o extension)

SURFACE_ADJ_FILENAME= surface_adjoint

%文件輸出頻率

% Writing solution file frequency

WRT_SOL_FREQ= 500

%殘差信息輸出頻率

% Writing convergence history frequency

WRT_CON_FREQ= 1

%

3.2 并行運算腳本sh文件設置

在算例cfg文件所在目錄,創建如下內容的sh文件,采用sbatch命令提交即可。

#!/bin/bash

#SBATCH -N 7                               #并行節點數

#SBATCH -n 168                            #并行cpu數,=24*節點數

#SBATCH --job-name=DLR-F6     #job的名稱

#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=24    #每個節點用到的cpu數,無需修改

#SBATCH --output=%j.out              #算例運行過程中在屏幕上顯示的信息

#SBATCH --error=%j.err                 #報錯信息

mpirun  SU2_CFD  coarseAoA0.490.cfg         #流場求解

mpirun  SU2_SOL  coarseAoA0.490.cfg         #輸出tecplot結果文件

4.結果分析

4.1 DLR-F6流場特征

圖2和3展示了采用SA湍流模型和稀網格計算的DLR-F6流場。由于DLR-F6構型在翼身連接處沒有作修型處理,機翼尾翼靠近機身處流動產生了分離。此外,外側機翼尾緣處流動也出現了小范圍分離。

640.webp (4).jpg

 

圖2 DLR-F6表面壓力分布及物面摩擦力線

640.webp (5).jpg
640.webp (6).jpg

 

圖3翼身連接處和機翼尾翼處流動

4.2 湍流模型影響

640.webp (7).jpg    
640.webp (8).jpg    

(a)  Z/b=0.239

(b)Z/b=0.331

640.webp (9).jpg    
640.webp (10).jpg    

(c)  Z/b=0.411

(d)Z/b=0.847

圖4DLR-F6表面壓力分布SA模型和SST模型計算結果對比

圖4展示了SU2求解器分別采用SA模型和SST模型計算的DLR-F6翼身組合體表面壓力分布(Ma=0.75,AoA=0.49°)??梢钥吹剑瑑煞N模型的計算的壓力分布曲線幾乎重合,且與試驗結果符合較好。表明兩種湍流模型都能較好地模擬M6機翼流場。

4.3 稀網格和密網格壓力分布

640.webp (11).jpg    
640.webp (12).jpg    

(a)  Z/b=0.239

(b)Z/b=0.331

640.webp (13).jpg    
640.webp (14).jpg    

(c)  Z/b=0.411

(d)Z/b=0.847

圖5DLR-F6表面壓力分布稀網格和密網格計算結果對比

圖5展示了稀網格和密網格計算的DLR-F6翼身組合體表面壓力分布,采用的湍流模型為SA模型。稀網格和密網格計算結果十分接近,僅在激波附近存在較小差異。

4.3 油流結果

640.webp (15).jpg

圖6 DLR-F6機翼表面流線與油流結果對比

油流試驗僅在帶短艙的模型上進行。為了與油流結果對比,本文采用SU2計算了帶短艙的DLR-F6構型流場。圖6展示了機翼表面摩檫力線與油流圖片融合顯示的結果。從圖中可以看出,計算得到的外側機翼尾緣分離區和翼身連接處的分離區均與試驗符合較好。

4.4 力系數

640.webp (16).jpg

(a) 升力系數

640.webp (17).jpg

(b) 阻力系數

圖7升阻力系數計算結果與試驗結果對比

圖7展示了稀網格計算的升阻力系數曲線與試驗結果的對比,計算結果與試驗結果符合較好。

5.結論

(1)采用SU2計算了DLR-F6翼身組合體流場,計算得到的壓力分布曲線、物面極限流線和試驗結果符合一致,表明SU2具備模擬DLR-F6等復雜外形流場的能力。

(2)在DLR-F6翼身組合體算例中,SA和SST湍流模型計算結果幾乎重合,兩種湍流模型都能較好地模擬DLR-F6流場。稀網格和密網格計算結果十分接近,僅在激波附近存在較小差異。

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