海嘯引起的印度洋地震模擬仿真
本案例使用開源軟件Gerris完成，下載鏈接：
http://gfs.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Installation_summary
2004年印度洋海嘯是由于印度-澳大利亞和印度尼西亞的安達曼板塊邊界發(fā)生大規(guī)模斷層破裂（> 1000公里）造成的。該案例運用格里利等人的斷層模型作為圣維南原理分析海嘯的初始條件。圖1a中的動畫展示了波高的演變。追蹤波前中采用了自適應(yīng)方法（圖1.b），地形的動態(tài)重建依據(jù)ETOPO1數(shù)據(jù)集。
(圖1a)波高動畫圖，圖中峰值大于2m小于 -2m；(圖1b)自適應(yīng)動畫圖，圖中波前峰值為海拔0.8海里和-101海里。
圖2展示了斷層破裂后在超過10小時的時間達到的最大波浪高度。
圖2：超過10小時后最大波浪高度云圖（以1m為顯示間隔）：
(a)孟加拉彎，最小值（藍色）0m，最大值（紅色）5m。
(b) 蘇門答臘北部和泰國附近的細節(jié)，最小值（藍色）0m，最大值（紅色）大于8m。
最后，圖3給出了在印度洋特定位置的不同時間觀測波高（使用潮汐測量儀）和模擬波高的對比圖。
圖3：在不同潮汐表位置觀測到的波高和模擬波高的對比。備注：水平軸是斷層破裂后的時間（以小時為單位）。
關(guān)鍵參數(shù)設(shè)置：
# Segment 1
Init {}
{
D = 0
}
InitOkada D
{
x = 94.57
y = 3.83
depth = 11.4857e3
strike = 323
dip = 12
rake = 90
length = 220e3
width = 130e3
U = 18
}
# Initial water level is at z = D
Init
{
start = 0
}
{
P = MAX (0., D - Zb)
}
# Segment 2
EventList
{
start = 212
step = 6
end = 272
}
{
Init {}
{
D = 0
}
InitOkada D
{
x = 93.90
y = 5.22
depth = 11.4857e3
strike = 348
dip = 12
rake = 90
length = 150e3
width = 130e3
U = 23
}
}
# make sure the deformation is well resolved
AdaptGradient
{
start = 212
istep = 1
end = 272
}
{
cmax = 0.05
cfactor = 2
minlevel = 5
maxlevel = LEVEL
} D
# add it to the current elevation field (only if wet)
Init
{
start = 272
}
{
P = (P < DRY ? P : MAX (0., P + D))
}
# Segment 3
EventList
{
start = 528
step = 6
end = 588
}
{
Init {}
{
D = 0
}
InitOkada D
{
x = 93.21
y = 7.41
depth = 12.525e3
strike = 338
dip = 12
rake = 90
length = 390e3
width = 120e3
U = 12
}
}
# make sure the deformation is well resolved
AdaptGradient
{
start = 528
istep = 1
end = 588
}
{
cmax = 0.05
cfactor = 2
minlevel = 5
maxlevel = LEVEL
} D
# add it to the current elevation field (only if wet)
Init
{
start = 588
}
{
P = (P < DRY ? P : MAX (0., P + D))
}
# Segment 4
EventList
{
start = 853
step = 6
end = 913
}
{
Init {}
{
D = 0
}
InitOkada D
{
x = 92.60
y = 9.70
depth = 15.12419e3
strike = 356
dip = 12
rake = 90
length = 150e3
width = 95e3
U = 12
}
}
# make sure the deformation is well resolved
AdaptGradient
{
start = 853
istep = 1
end = 913
}
{
cmax = 0.05
cfactor = 2
minlevel = 5
maxlevel = LEVEL
} D
# add it to the current elevation field (only if wet)
Init
{
start = 913
}
{
P = (P < DRY ? P : MAX (0., P + D))
}
# Segment 5
EventList
{
start = 1213
step = 6
end = 1273
}
{
Init {}
{
D = 0
}
InitOkada D
{
x = 92.87
y = 11.70
depth = 15.12419e3
strike = 10
dip = 12
rake = 90
length = 350e3
width = 95e3
U = 12
}
}
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