fluent入門一般問題(五)

Fluent,并非我原創但是沒找到出處,給大家做個參考。


50  在設置速度邊界條件時,提到了“Velocity formulation(Absolute和Relative)”都是指的動量方程的相對速度表示和絕對速度表示,這兩個速度如何理解?  #59
在定義速度入口邊界條件時,Reference Frame中有Absolute和Relative to Adjacent Cell Zone的選項,關于這個,Fluent用戶手冊上是這樣寫的:“ If the cell zone adjacent to the velocity inlet is moving, you can choose to specify relative or absolute velocities by selecting Relative to Adjacent Cell Zone or Absolute in the Reference Frame drop-down list. If the adjacent cell zone is not moving, Absolute and Relative to Adjacent Cell Zone will be equivalent, so you need not visit the list. ”

如果速度入口處的單元在計算的過程中有運動發生的情況(如果你使用了運動參考系或者滑移網格),你可以選擇使用指定相對于鄰近單元區域的速度或在參考坐標系中的絕對速度來定于入口處的速度;如果速度入口處的相鄰單元在計算過程中沒有發生運動,那么這兩種方法所定義的速度是等價的。

Specifying Relative or Absolute Velocityfluent入門一般問題(五)的圖1

If the cell zone adjacent to the wall is moving (e.g., if you are using a moving reference frame or a sliding mesh), you can choose to specify velocities relative to the zone motion by enabling the Relative to Adjacent Cell Zone option. If you choose to specify relative velocities, a velocity of zero means that the wall is stationary in the relative frame, and therefore moving at the speed of the adjacent cell zone in the absolute frame. If you choose to specify absolute velocities (by enabling the Absolute option), a velocity of zero means that the wall is stationary in the absolute frame, and therefore moving at the speed of the adjacent cell zone--but in the opposite direction--in the relative reference frame.

If you are using one or more moving reference frames, sliding meshes, or mixing planes, and you want the wall to be fixed in the moving frame, it is recommended that you specify relative velocities (the default) rather than absolute velocities. Then, if you modify the speed of the adjacent cell zone, you will not need to make any changes to the wall velocities, as you would if you specified absolute velocities.

Note that if the adjacent cell zone is not moving, the absolute and relative options are equivalent.

這個問題好像問的不是特別清楚,在Fluent6.3中,問題出現的這個Velocity formulation(Absolute和Relative)設置,應該是設置求解器時出現的選項,在使用Pressure-based的求解器時,Fluent允許用戶定義的速度形式有絕對的和相對的,使用相對的速度形式是為了在Fluent中使用運動參考系以及滑移網格方便定義速度,關于這兩個速度的理解很簡單,可以參考上面的說明;如果使用Density-based的求解器,這個求解器的算法只允許統一使用絕對的速度形式。


51 對于出口有回流的問題,在出口應該選用什么樣的邊界條件(壓力出口邊界條件、質量出口邊界條件等)計算效果會更好?#42
   答:給定流動出口的靜壓。對于有回流的出口,壓力出口邊界條件比質量出口邊界條件邊界條件更容易收斂。

    壓力出口邊界條件壓力根據內部流動計算結果給定。其它量都是根據內部流動外推出邊界條件。該邊界條件可以處理出口有回流問題,合理的給定出口回流條件,有利于解決有回流出口問題的收斂困難問題。 出口回流條件需要給定:回流總溫(如果有能量方程),湍流參數(湍流計算),回流組分質量分數(有限速率模型模擬組分輸運),混合物質量分數及其方差(PDF  計算燃燒)。如果有回流出現,給的表壓將視為總壓,所以不必給出回流壓力。回流流動方向與出口邊界垂直。


52  對于不同求解器,離散格式的選擇應注意哪些細節?實際計算中一階迎風差分與二階迎風差分有什么異同?    #69
控制方程的擴散項一般采用中心差分格式離散,而對流項則可采用多種不同的格式進行離散。Fluent允許用戶為對流項選擇不同的離散格式(注意:粘性項總是自動地使用二階精度的離散格式)。默認情況下,當使用分離式求解器時,所有方程中的對流項均用一階迎風格式離散;當使用耦合式求解器時,流動方程使用二階精度格式,其他方程使用一階精度格式進行離散。此外,當選擇分離式求解器時,用戶還可為壓力選擇插值方式。

當流動與網格對齊時,如使用四邊形或六面體網格模擬層流流動,使用一階精度離散格式是可以接受的。但當流動斜穿網格線時,一階精度格式將產生明顯的離散誤差(數值擴散)。因此,對于2D三角形及3D四面體網格,注意使用二階精度格式,特別是對復雜流動更是如此。一般來講,在一階精度格式下容易收斂,但精度較差。有時,為了加快計算速度,可先在一階精度格式下計算,然后再轉到二階精度格式下計算。如果使用二階精度格式遇到難于收斂的情況,則可考慮改換一階精度格式。

對于轉動及有旋流的計算,在使用四邊形及六面體網格式,具有三階精度的QUICK格式可能產生比二階精度更好的結果。但是,一般情況下,用二階精度就已足夠,即使使用QUICK格式,結果也不一定好。乘方格式(Power-law Scheme)一般產生與一階精度格式相同精度的結果。中心差分格式一般只用于大渦模擬,而且要求網格很細的情況。

Fluent用戶手冊上的內容:

First-Order Accuracy vs. Second-Order Accuracy

When the flow is aligned with the grid (e.g., laminar flow in a rectangular duct modeled with a quadrilateral or hexahedral grid) the first-order upwind discretization may be acceptable. When the flow is not aligned with the grid (i.e., when it crosses the grid lines obliquely), however, first-order convective discretization increases the numerical discretization error (numerical diffusion). For triangular and tetrahedral grids, since the flow is never aligned with the grid, you will generally obtain more accurate results by using the second-order discretization. For quad/hex grids, you will also obtain better results using the second-order discretization, especially for complex flows.

In summary, while the first-order discretization generally yields better convergence than the second-order scheme, it generally will yield less accurate results, especially on tri/tet grids. See Section  25.22 for information about controlling convergence.

For most cases, you will be able to use the second-order scheme from the start of the calculation. In some cases, however, you may need to start with the first-order scheme and then switch to the second-order scheme after a few iterations. For example, if you are running a high-Mach-number flow calculation that has an initial solution much different than the expected final solution, you will usually need to perform a few iterations with the first-order scheme and then turn on the second-order scheme and continue the calculation to convergence. Alternatively, full multigrid initialization is also available for some flow cases which allow you to proceed with the second-order scheme from the start.

For a simple flow that is aligned with the grid (e.g., laminar flow in a rectangular duct modeled with a quadrilateral or hexahedral grid), the numerical diffusion will be naturally low, so you can generally use the first-order scheme instead of the second-order scheme without any significant loss of accuracy.

Finally, if you run into convergence difficulties with the second-order scheme, you should try the first-order scheme instead.

Other Discretization Schemes

The QUICK and third-order MUSCL discretization schemes may provide better accuracy than the second-order scheme for rotating or swirling flows. The QUICK scheme is applicable to quadrilateral or hexahedral meshes, while the MUSCL scheme is used on all types of meshes. In general, however, the second-order scheme is sufficient and the QUICK scheme will not provide significant improvements in accuracy.

##If QUICK is used for hybrid meshes, it will be invoked only for quadrilateral and hexahedral cells. Second-order discretization will be applied to all other cells.

A power law scheme is also available, but it will generally yield the same accuracy as the first-order scheme.

The bounded central differencing and central differencing schemes are available only when you are using the LES and DES turbulence models, and the central differencing scheme should be used only when the mesh spacing is fine enough so that the magnitude of the local Peclet number (Equation25.3-3) is less than 1.

A modified HRIC scheme (Section25.3.1) is also available for VOF simulations using either the implicit or explicit formulation


53  對于FLUENT的耦合解算器,對時間步進格式的主要控制是Courant數(CFL),那么Courant數對計算結果有何影響?  #43
courant number實際上是指時間步長和空間步長的相對關系,系統自動減小courant數,這種情況一般出現在存在尖銳外形的計算域,當局部的流速過大或者壓差過大時出錯,把局部的網格加密再試一下。

在Fluent中,用courant number來調節計算的穩定性與收斂性。一般來說,隨著courant number的從小到大的變化,收斂速度逐漸加快,但是穩定性逐漸降低。所以具體的問題,在計算的過程中,最好是把courant number從小開始設置,看看迭代殘差的收斂情況,如果收斂速度較慢而且比較穩定的話,可以適當的增加courant number的大小,根據自己具體的問題,找出一個比較合適的courant number,讓收斂速度能夠足夠的快,而且能夠保持它的穩定性。


54  在分離求解器中,FLUENT提供了壓力速度耦和的三種方法:SIMPLE,SIMPLEC及PISO,它們的應用有什么不同?  #44
在FLUENT中,可以使用標準SIMPLE算法和SIMPLEC(SIMPLE-Consistent)算法,默認是SIMPLE算法,但是對于許多問題如果使用SIMPLEC可能會得到更好的結果,尤其是可以應用增加的亞松馳迭代時,具體介紹如下:

對于相對簡單的問題(如:沒有附加模型激活的層流流動),其收斂性已經被壓力速度耦合所限制,你通常可以用SIMPLEC算法很快得到收斂解。在SIMPLEC中,壓力校正亞松馳因子通常設為1.0,它有助于收斂。但是,在有些問題中,將壓力校正松弛因子增加到1.0可能會導致不穩定。

對于所有的過渡流動計算,強烈推薦使用PISO算法鄰近校正。它允許你使用大的時間步,而且對于動量和壓力都可以使用亞松馳因子1.0。對于定常狀態問題,具有鄰近校正的PISO并不會比具有較好的亞松馳因子的SIMPLE或SIMPLEC好。對于具有較大扭曲網格上的定常狀態和過渡計算推薦使用PISO傾斜校正。
當你使用PISO鄰近校正時,對所有方程都推薦使用亞松馳因子為1.0或者接近1.0。如果你只對高度扭曲的網格使用PISO傾斜校正,請設定動量和壓力的亞松馳因子之和為1.0比如:壓力亞松馳因子0.3,動量亞松馳因子0.7)。如果你同時使用PISO的兩種校正方法,推薦參閱PISO鄰近校正中所用的方法。


55  對于大多數情況,在選擇選擇壓力插值格式時,標準格式已經足夠了,但是對于特定的某些模型使用其它格式有什么特別的要求?
   #60 

壓力插值方式的列表只在使用Pressure-based求解器中出現。一般情況下可選擇Standard;對于含有高回旋數的流動,高Rayleigh數的自然對流,高速旋轉流動,多孔介質流動,高曲率計算區域等流動情況,選擇PRESTO格式;對于可壓縮流動,選擇Second Order;當然也可以選擇Second Order以提高精度;對于含有大體力的流動,選擇Body Force Weighted。

注意:Second Order格式不可以用于多孔介質;在使用VOF和Mixture多相流模型時,只能使用PRESTO或Body Force Weighted格式。

關于壓力插值格式的詳細內容,請參考Fluent用戶手冊。

 

Interpolation schemes for calculating cell-face pressures when using the segregated solver in FLUENT are available as follows:

 

Standard – The default scheme; reduced accuracy for flows exhibiting large surface-normal pressure gradients near boundaries (but should not be used when steep pressure changes are present in the flow – PRESTO! scheme should be used instead.)

 

PRESTO! – Use for highly swirling flows, flows involving steep pressure gradients (porous media, fan model, etc.), or in strongly curved domains

 

Linear – Use when other options result in convergence difficulties or unphysical behavior

 

Second-Order – Use for compressible flows; not to be used with porous media, jump, fans, etc. or VOF/Mixture multiphase models

 

Body Force Weighted – Use when body forces are large, e.g., high Ra natural convection or highly swirling flows


fluent入門一般問題(五)的圖2

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